{"id":9851,"date":"2022-08-30T17:36:55","date_gmt":"2022-08-30T22:36:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/?p=9851"},"modified":"2024-10-09T10:07:13","modified_gmt":"2024-10-09T15:07:13","slug":"los-precios-agropecuarios-elementos-que-precarizan-la-vida-en-el-campo-i","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/en\/los-precios-agropecuarios-elementos-que-precarizan-la-vida-en-el-campo-i\/","title":{"rendered":"Los precios agropecuarios: elementos que precarizan la vida en el campo (I)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"9851\" class=\"elementor elementor-9851\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3a144bd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3a144bd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f1a0c01\" data-id=\"f1a0c01\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c79cca2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c79cca2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"855\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/precios-_agro.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-9842\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/precios-_agro.jpg 855w, https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/precios-_agro-300x211.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/precios-_agro-768x539.jpg 768w, https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/precios-_agro-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 855px) 100vw, 855px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d0dd6b3\" data-id=\"d0dd6b3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76d4bf6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"76d4bf6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Uno de los diez argumentos que respaldaron las movilizaciones de junio de 2022 se inscrib\u00eda alrededor de los precios al productor agropecuario. As\u00ed, en el punto 3, se se\u00f1ala: \u201cPrecios justos en los productos del campo en las tres regiones del pa\u00eds, subsidio agr\u00edcola y no firmas de TLC que destruyen la producci\u00f3n nacional\u201d\u00a0(CONAIE et al. 2022). Dentro de este punto se exponen problemas con los precios tanto de productos alimenticios, agroindustriales y de exportaci\u00f3n. Dado que cada uno tiene distinta naturaleza cada grupo merece un an\u00e1lisis particular\u00a0(Norton 2004).<\/p><p>En nuestro pa\u00eds, los precios agr\u00edcolas a nivel interno est\u00e1n influenciados principalmente por tres elementos: la oferta y la demanda local, los precios de los mercados mundiales, y la presencia de exportaciones subsidiadas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2c1fe9b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2c1fe9b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1284bf6\" data-id=\"1284bf6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6e5745 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f6e5745\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Los efectos de los dos \u00faltimos elementos se pueden tratar con instrumentos macroecon\u00f3micos como pol\u00edticas arancelarias y pol\u00edticas cambiarias\u00a0(Norton 2004), sin embargo, al estar en una econom\u00eda dolarizada, el margen de acci\u00f3n se reduce para nuestro caso.<\/p><p>El an\u00e1lisis de precios puede partir de varios enfoques: desde el punto de la cadena \u2013finca, intermediarios, mercados-, la oferta y la demanda en el momento, la influencia de los mercados exteriores. As\u00ed, dentro del planteamiento de la pol\u00edtica p\u00fablica a favor de lxs productorxs se suele partir desde los precios a pie de finca\u00a0(Norton 2004). Como lo se\u00f1alan\u00a0CONAIE et al. (2022), parte de los problemas vinculados con los precios tiene que ver con la especulaci\u00f3n que existe en el proceso de intermediaci\u00f3n.\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-15cfb12 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"15cfb12\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7013425\" data-id=\"7013425\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-03dfeac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"03dfeac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En efecto, la brecha de intermediaci\u00f3n de los alimentos<a href=\"#notas\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0de la canasta b\u00e1sica durante el \u00faltimo semestre de 2022 alcanz\u00f3 un \u00edndice de 68,35 (ver Figura 1). Ahora, \u00bfQu\u00e9 significa la brecha de intermediaci\u00f3n? Esta brecha nos indica la diferencia entre los precios a pie de finca y los precios a los que la persona consumidora adquiere esos productos. Es decir, en el 2022 suponiendo que los productos de la canasta b\u00e1sica en finca costaron $100, en promedio, al consumidor le costaron aproximadamente $168. En el \u00faltimo a\u00f1o las mandarinas, el arroz y los huevos de gallina tuvieron las mayores brechas de intermediaci\u00f3n con un \u00edndice promedio de: 298, 125 y 123, respectivamente\u00a0(INEC 2022).\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cca7e77\" data-id=\"cca7e77\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bfab84e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"bfab84e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"855\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/fig1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536 wp-image-9864\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/fig1.jpg 855w, https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/fig1-300x211.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/fig1-768x539.jpg 768w, https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/fig1-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 855px) 100vw, 855px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a6ae6e5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a6ae6e5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-863caa9\" data-id=\"863caa9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7bf4eab elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7bf4eab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1301\" src=\"https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/dif_precios-768x1301.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-9872\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/dif_precios-768x1301.jpg 768w, https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/dif_precios-177x300.jpg 177w, https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/dif_precios-605x1024.jpg 605w, https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/dif_precios-907x1536.jpg 907w, https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/dif_precios-7x12.jpg 7w, https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/dif_precios-e1693871558993.jpg 354w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2a5bb5a\" data-id=\"2a5bb5a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6b3052 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c6b3052\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Si bien las brechas de intermediaci\u00f3n nos dan un panorama general, existen diferencias al interno de cada provincia y cada producto. Veamos tres ejemplos de este fen\u00f3meno por cada regi\u00f3n natural. Empezando con el pl\u00e1tano de la regi\u00f3n costa, este tuvo una brecha de intermediaci\u00f3n promedio de 68,4 en el primer semestre del 2022. Podemos distinguir que esta brecha cambia respecto al mercado que tomemos como referencia<a href=\"#notas\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p><p>Los mercados no se abastecen tan solo de productos provenientes de su propia provincia, sin embargo, el comparar el ingreso promedio por kilogramo recibido por lxs productorxs y el precio en los mercados de sus respectivas provincias, obtenemos informaci\u00f3n sobre las diferencias particulares entre \u00e9stas (ver Tabla 1). Por ejemplo, pese a que Los R\u00edos fue la tercera provincia con m\u00e1s volumen de producci\u00f3n de pl\u00e1tano (332 mil toneladas\u00a0(INEC 2020b)) la brecha de intermediaci\u00f3n es la m\u00e1s alta de todas las provincias.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c536d5c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c536d5c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4081f03\" data-id=\"4081f03\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61515dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"61515dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Al tomar a la papa como cultivo alimenticio en la regi\u00f3n sierra hay que tener en cuenta que m\u00e1s de un tercio de la producci\u00f3n est\u00e1 concentrada en una sola provincia: Carchi. Esto se debe a la especializaci\u00f3n de la provincia en la producci\u00f3n de este cultivo. Esta producci\u00f3n es altamente dependiente de fertilizantes debido a la constante p\u00e9rdida de fertilidad de la tierra y tambi\u00e9n es dependiente de control fitosanitario para evitar las p\u00e9rdidas, control que muchas veces excede de las aplicaciones recomendadas\u00a0(Sherwood 2009, Singa\u00f1a 2021). Aunque esta provincia tiene una especializaci\u00f3n marcada, los precios por kilogramo recibido son menores a los de lxs productorxs de Carchi, Azuay, Bol\u00edvar y Chimborazo (ver Tabla 2), esto sin tomar en cuenta el incremento de los costos de producci\u00f3n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1635986\" data-id=\"1635986\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b9856f elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0b9856f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1009\" src=\"https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/fig2-e1694392839238-768x1009.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-9878\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/fig2-e1694392839238-768x1009.jpg 768w, https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/fig2-e1694392839238-228x300.jpg 228w, https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/fig2-e1694392839238-779x1024.jpg 779w, https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/fig2-e1694392839238-9x12.jpg 9w, https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/fig2-e1694392839238.jpg 985w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9d7c6bb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9d7c6bb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d295fe9\" data-id=\"d295fe9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c901bf0 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c901bf0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"855\" height=\"582\" src=\"https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/tab3.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-9899\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/tab3.jpg 855w, https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/tab3-300x204.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/tab3-768x523.jpg 768w, https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/tab3-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 855px) 100vw, 855px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71204cd\" data-id=\"71204cd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b1045e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b1045e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La informaci\u00f3n disponible a nivel de mercados no incluye a los espacios de comercializaci\u00f3n en la Amazon\u00eda, por tanto, la comparaci\u00f3n planteada no se puede realizar. Aun as\u00ed, al analizar uno de los principales productos de la regi\u00f3n: la naranjilla, se puede ver que la rentabilidad mensual del producto var\u00eda en cada provincia y en ninguna logr\u00f3 superar un ingreso b\u00e1sico mensual (ver Tabla 3). Adicional a ello, hay que aclarar que la planta de naranjilla, por lo general, tarda entre 8 y 9 meses en producir, y que sus plantas se marchitan entre el segundo y tercer a\u00f1o de su injerto, por lo que se requiere nuevamente del proceso de injerto\u00a0(INIAP 2021).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-954a362 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"954a362\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d557784\" data-id=\"d557784\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df45533 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df45533\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Como se puede ver en los tres productos presentados los ingresos no son alentadores para las familias campesinas. En efecto, los precios promedio de los alimentos, por kilogramo, tampoco presentan variaci\u00f3n desde el primer semestre de 2014. Peor a\u00fan, son m\u00e1s bajos que ese per\u00edodo (ver Tabla 4).\u00a0\u00a0Por el contrario, los costos de producci\u00f3n s\u00ed se han incrementado en los \u00faltimos a\u00f1os y la dependencia a insumos contin\u00faa<a href=\"#notas\"><sup>[3]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9085853\" data-id=\"9085853\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f9aa48 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0f9aa48\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"855\" height=\"582\" src=\"https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/tab4.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-9908\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/tab4.jpg 855w, https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/tab4-300x204.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/tab4-768x523.jpg 768w, https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/tab4-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 855px) 100vw, 855px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3e6f2f3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3e6f2f3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5ac0ad7\" data-id=\"5ac0ad7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30b100a elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"30b100a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1006\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/fig24-1006x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-9917\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/fig24-1006x1024.jpg 1006w, https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/fig24-295x300.jpg 295w, https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/fig24-768x782.jpg 768w, https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/fig24-12x12.jpg 12w, https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/fig24.jpg 1012w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1006px) 100vw, 1006px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-18037ce\" data-id=\"18037ce\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c79d57d elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c79d57d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La Tabla 4 nos muestra la volatilidad de los precios promedio de los alimentos en cada semestre, como ya se mencion\u00f3 en la introducci\u00f3n, los precios var\u00edan de acuerdo al lugar en los que se los compra y vende. En efecto, los precios promedio de alimentos, por kilogramo, en el mercado del Carchi, son menores en comparaci\u00f3n con los dem\u00e1s (ver Figura 2). Una de las razones por las que este fen\u00f3meno ocurre es la cercan\u00eda con la frontera norte y el contrabando de alimentos \u2013en especial: arroz, cebolla, ma\u00edz, frutas, papa, granos y leche-\u00a0(Redacci\u00f3n El Comercio 2017, Redacci\u00f3n La Hora 2021). El contrabando hace que los productos ecuatorianos no puedan competir con los precios que pasan la frontera, por tanto, lxs productorxs locales se ven forzadxs a vender sus productos por debajo de los precios de sustentaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6cfa804 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6cfa804\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b6ed07a\" data-id=\"b6ed07a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5fa2d84 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5fa2d84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>A manera de cierre<\/strong><\/p><p>Los precios de los alimentos en el pa\u00eds son susceptibles a varios factores entre los que se encuentran: la intermediaci\u00f3n, el alza de los costos de producci\u00f3n y el contrabando. Este fen\u00f3meno no es est\u00e1tico y var\u00eda en cada localidad y por cada alimento. Por tanto, por cada alimento, se requieren mecanismos de controles de precios locales en los que participen tanto la sociedad civil como las instituciones p\u00fablicas. El escaso control sobre los precios y los limitados incentivos para la producci\u00f3n de alimentos ponen en riesgo a la soberan\u00eda alimentaria, esto sin tomar en cuenta la potencial sobreoferta de alimentos que puede derivar de la firma de Tratados de Libre Comercio. En el siguiente n\u00famero exploraremos qu\u00e9 ocurre con los precios de los cultivos que tienen precios de sustentaci\u00f3n como: arroz, ma\u00edz y banano.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1444240 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1444240\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a695ca9\" data-id=\"a695ca9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-00705af elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"00705af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/BOLETIN-PRECIOS.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Descargar Los precios agropecuarios: elementos que precarizan la vida en el campo (I)\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/BOLETIN-PRECIOS.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDescargar Los precios agropecuarios: elementos que precarizan la vida en el campo (I)\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h5>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f57cd4a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f57cd4a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-da12e7a\" data-id=\"da12e7a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc1807e elementor-widget elementor-widget-global elementor-global-10318 elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"dc1807e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Te podr\u00eda interesar<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c063e78 pp-card-slider-image-left pp-card-slider-dots-aside elementor-widget elementor-widget-global elementor-global-10298 elementor-widget-pp-card-slider\" data-id=\"c063e78\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;open_lightbox&quot;:&quot;default&quot;,&quot;pause_on_hover&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"pp-card-slider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-card-slider pp-swiper-slider\" data-slider-settings=\"{&quot;effect&quot;:&quot;fade&quot;,&quot;speed&quot;:500,&quot;slides_per_view&quot;:1,&quot;auto_height&quot;:false,&quot;loop&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;autoplay&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;autoplay_speed&quot;:3000,&quot;pause_on_interaction&quot;:false,&quot;keyboard&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;pagination&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-card-slider-item swiper-slide pp-card-slider-item-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-card-slider-image\">\n\t\t\t\t<a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"c063e78\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Teal Modern ChatBot AI Presentation\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MjEwMDEsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9vY2FydS5vcmcuZWNcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjZcLzA0XC9UZWFsLU1vZGVybi1DaGF0Qm90LUFJLVByZXNlbnRhdGlvbi5qcGciLCJzbGlkZXNob3ciOiJjMDYzZTc4In0%3D\" href=\"https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Teal-Modern-ChatBot-AI-Presentation-768x432.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Teal-Modern-ChatBot-AI-Presentation-768x432.jpg\" alt=\"\"><\/a>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-card-slider-content-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-card-slider-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-icon pp-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-calendar-alt\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\tApril 8, 2026\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"pp-card-slider-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/en\/abrir-las-puertas-para-unos-pocos-que-pasa-con-los-tratados-de-libre-comercio-en-ecuador\/\">Abrir las puertas para unos pocos: \u00bfQu\u00e9 pasa con los Tratados de Libre Comercio en Ecuador?<\/a>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-card-slider-meta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-content-author\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-icon pp-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-user\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDavid Singa\u00f1a Tapia\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t  \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-post-category\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-icon pp-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-folder-open\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEconom\u00eda\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t  \n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-card-slider-item swiper-slide pp-card-slider-item-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-card-slider-image\">\n\t\t\t\t<a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"c063e78\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"IMG_20221216_103746_342\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MjA5MzgsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9vY2FydS5vcmcuZWNcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjZcLzAzXC9JTUdfMjAyMjEyMTZfMTAzNzQ2XzM0Mi0xLXNjYWxlZC5qcGciLCJzbGlkZXNob3ciOiJjMDYzZTc4In0%3D\" href=\"https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_20221216_103746_342-1-768x560.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_20221216_103746_342-1-768x560.jpg\" alt=\"\"><\/a>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-card-slider-content-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-card-slider-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-icon pp-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-calendar-alt\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\tMarch 27, 2026\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"pp-card-slider-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/en\/no-se-dice-el-oriente-esto-es-la-amazonia-en-memoria-de-luis-yanza\/\">\u201cNo se dice el oriente, esto es la Amazon\u00eda\u201d. <\/br> En memoria de Luis Yanza<\/a>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-card-slider-meta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-content-author\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-icon pp-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-user\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDavid Singa\u00f1a Tapia\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t  \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-post-category\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-icon pp-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-folder-open\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOpini\u00f3n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t  \n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-card-slider-item swiper-slide pp-card-slider-item-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-card-slider-image\">\n\t\t\t\t<a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"c063e78\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Blue Modern Ocean Presentation (2)\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MjA4ODEsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9vY2FydS5vcmcuZWNcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjZcLzAzXC9CbHVlLU1vZGVybi1PY2Vhbi1QcmVzZW50YXRpb24tMi5qcGciLCJzbGlkZXNob3ciOiJjMDYzZTc4In0%3D\" href=\"https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Blue-Modern-Ocean-Presentation-2-768x432.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Blue-Modern-Ocean-Presentation-2-768x432.jpg\" alt=\"\"><\/a>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-card-slider-content-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-card-slider-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-icon pp-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-calendar-alt\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\tMarch 17, 2026\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"pp-card-slider-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/en\/la-mirada-en-lo-externo-y-la-desidia-en-lo-interno-ecuador-exportador\/\">La mirada en lo externo, y la desidia en lo interno: Ecuador exportador.<\/a>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-card-slider-meta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-content-author\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-icon pp-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-user\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDavid Singa\u00f1a Tapia\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t  \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-post-category\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-icon pp-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-folder-open\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEconom\u00eda\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t  \n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-card-slider-item swiper-slide pp-card-slider-item-3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-card-slider-image\">\n\t\t\t\t<a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"c063e78\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Blue Modern Ocean Presentation (1)\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MjA3OTQsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9vY2FydS5vcmcuZWNcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjZcLzAzXC9CbHVlLU1vZGVybi1PY2Vhbi1QcmVzZW50YXRpb24tMS5qcGciLCJzbGlkZXNob3ciOiJjMDYzZTc4In0%3D\" href=\"https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Blue-Modern-Ocean-Presentation-1-768x432.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Blue-Modern-Ocean-Presentation-1-768x432.jpg\" alt=\"\"><\/a>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-card-slider-content-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-card-slider-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-icon pp-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-calendar-alt\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\tMarch 3, 2026\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"pp-card-slider-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/en\/guayas-como-cristalizacion-del-regimen-alimentario-corporativo-resultados-del-censo-2025\/\">Guayas como cristalizaci\u00f3n del r\u00e9gimen alimentario corporativo: Resultados del Censo 2025<\/a>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-card-slider-meta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-content-author\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-icon pp-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-user\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDavid Singa\u00f1a Tapia\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t  \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-post-category\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-icon pp-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-folder-open\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEconom\u00eda\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t  \n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-card-slider-item swiper-slide pp-card-slider-item-4\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-card-slider-image\">\n\t\t\t\t<a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"c063e78\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Disen\u0303o sin ti\u0301tulo\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MjA3MDcsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9vY2FydS5vcmcuZWNcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjZcLzAyXC9EaXNlbm8tc2luLXRpdHVsby5qcGciLCJzbGlkZXNob3ciOiJjMDYzZTc4In0%3D\" href=\"https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Diseno-sin-titulo-768x576.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Diseno-sin-titulo-768x576.jpg\" alt=\"\"><\/a>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-card-slider-content-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-card-slider-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-icon pp-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-calendar-alt\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\tFebruary 19, 2026\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"pp-card-slider-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/en\/entre-saberes-y-juventudes-la-nueva-imagen-del-ocaru-para-una-realidad-diversa\/\">Entre saberes y juventudes: La nueva imagen del OCARU para una realidad diversa<\/a>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-card-slider-meta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-content-author\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-icon pp-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-user\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGabriela Vanegas Carrera\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t  \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-post-category\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-icon pp-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-folder-open\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tActualidad\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t  \n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-card-slider-item swiper-slide pp-card-slider-item-5\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-card-slider-image\">\n\t\t\t\t<a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"c063e78\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Blue Modern Ocean Presentation\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MjA1NzYsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9vY2FydS5vcmcuZWNcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjZcLzAyXC9CbHVlLU1vZGVybi1PY2Vhbi1QcmVzZW50YXRpb24uanBnIiwic2xpZGVzaG93IjoiYzA2M2U3OCJ9\" href=\"https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Blue-Modern-Ocean-Presentation-768x432.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Blue-Modern-Ocean-Presentation-768x432.jpg\" alt=\"\"><\/a>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-card-slider-content-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-card-slider-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-icon pp-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-calendar-alt\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\tFebruary 12, 2026\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"pp-card-slider-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/en\/de-la-lucha-arancelaria-a-los-territorios-rurales-que-pasa-con-los-aranceles-entre-colombia-y-ecuador\/\">De la lucha arancelaria a los territorios rurales:  \u00bfQu\u00e9 pasa con los aranceles entre Colombia y Ecuador?<\/a>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-card-slider-meta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-content-author\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-icon pp-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-user\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDavid Singa\u00f1a Tapia\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t  \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-post-category\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-icon pp-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-folder-open\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOpini\u00f3n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t  \n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-card-slider-item swiper-slide pp-card-slider-item-6\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-card-slider-image\">\n\t\t\t\t<a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"c063e78\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"IMG_1706\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MjAwMzksInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9vY2FydS5vcmcuZWNcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjVcLzExXC9JTUdfMTcwNi5qcGciLCJzbGlkZXNob3ciOiJjMDYzZTc4In0%3D\" href=\"https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1706-768x432.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1706-768x432.jpg\" alt=\"\"><\/a>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-card-slider-content-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-card-slider-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-icon pp-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-calendar-alt\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\tNovember 23, 2025\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"pp-card-slider-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/en\/mapeo-de-experiencias-agroecologicas-ecuador\/\">Ecuador lanza el Mapeo de Experiencias Agroecol\u00f3gicas <br> Mapea tu historia y sembremos transformaci\u00f3n<\/a>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-card-slider-meta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-content-author\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-icon pp-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-user\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGabriela Vanegas Carrera\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t  \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-post-category\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-icon pp-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-folder-open\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tActualidad\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t  \n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-card-slider-item swiper-slide pp-card-slider-item-7\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-card-slider-image\">\n\t\t\t\t<a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"c063e78\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"WhatsApp Image 2025-11-13 at 3.22.01 PM\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MTk5ODEsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9vY2FydS5vcmcuZWNcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjVcLzExXC9XaGF0c0FwcC1JbWFnZS0yMDI1LTExLTEzLWF0LTMuMjIuMDEtUE0uanBlZyIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6ImMwNjNlNzgifQ%3D%3D\" href=\"https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-11-13-at-3.22.01-PM-768x519.jpeg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-11-13-at-3.22.01-PM-768x519.jpeg\" alt=\"\"><\/a>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-card-slider-content-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-card-slider-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-icon pp-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-calendar-alt\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\tNovember 13, 2025\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"pp-card-slider-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/en\/la-constitucion-de-2008-y-la-reduccion-de-la-subalimentacion\/\">La Constituci\u00f3n de 2008 y la reducci\u00f3n de la subalimentaci\u00f3n<\/a>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-card-slider-meta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-content-author\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-icon pp-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-user\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEsteban Daza\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t  \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-post-category\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-icon pp-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-folder-open\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tActualidad\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t  \n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-card-slider-item swiper-slide pp-card-slider-item-8\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-card-slider-image\">\n\t\t\t\t<a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"c063e78\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"WhatsApp Image 2025-09-04 at 1.42.48 PM\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MTk1NjMsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9vY2FydS5vcmcuZWNcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjVcLzA5XC9XaGF0c0FwcC1JbWFnZS0yMDI1LTA5LTA0LWF0LTEuNDIuNDgtUE0uanBlZyIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6ImMwNjNlNzgifQ%3D%3D\" href=\"https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-09-04-at-1.42.48-PM-768x432.jpeg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-09-04-at-1.42.48-PM-768x432.jpeg\" alt=\"\"><\/a>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-card-slider-content-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-card-slider-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-icon pp-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-calendar-alt\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\tSeptember 9, 2025\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"pp-card-slider-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/en\/lanzamiento-de-libro-agriculturas-familiares-campesinas-en-los-andes-entre-las-multiples-crisis-y-la-transformacion\/\">Lanzamiento de libro. Agriculturas Familiares Campesinas en los Andes: entre las m\u00faltiples crisis y la transformaci\u00f3n<\/a>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-card-slider-meta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-content-author\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-icon pp-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-user\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGabriela Vanegas Carrera\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t  \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-post-category\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-icon pp-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-folder-open\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tActualidad\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t  \n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-card-slider-item swiper-slide pp-card-slider-item-9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-card-slider-image\">\n\t\t\t\t<a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"c063e78\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Foto-Arroz\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MTkzNTUsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9vY2FydS5vcmcuZWNcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjVcLzA3XC9Gb3RvLUFycm96LmpwZyIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6ImMwNjNlNzgifQ%3D%3D\" href=\"https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Foto-Arroz-768x539.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Foto-Arroz-768x539.jpg\" alt=\"\"><\/a>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-card-slider-content-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-card-slider-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-icon pp-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-calendar-alt\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\tJuly 18, 2025\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"pp-card-slider-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/en\/edicion-genetica-en-semillas-avance-tecnologico-o-amenaza-para-la-soberania-alimentaria-en-ecuador\/\">Edici\u00f3n gen\u00e9tica en semillas: \u00bfAvance tecnol\u00f3gico o amenaza para la soberan\u00eda alimentaria en Ecuador?<\/a>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-card-slider-meta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-content-author\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-icon pp-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-user\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGabriela Vanegas Carrera\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t  \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-post-category\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-icon pp-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-folder-open\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-card-slider-meta-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tActualidad\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t  \n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-c063e78\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-33c90b2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"33c90b2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-224c14e\" data-id=\"224c14e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbc64cd elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"cbc64cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"notas\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61c5c00 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"61c5c00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Notas<\/strong><\/p><p><sup>[1]<\/sup>\u00a0Aguacate, arroz pilado, carne de res sin hueso, cebolla blanca y paite\u00f1a, col, fr\u00e9jol seco, huevos de gallina, leche pasteurizada, lechuga, mandarina, mora, pi\u00f1a, pl\u00e1tano, pollo, queso de mesa, tomate ri\u00f1\u00f3n, y yuca.<\/p><p><sup>[2]<\/sup>\u00a0Dado que la informaci\u00f3n de precios a nivel de finca se encuentra disponible para el a\u00f1o 2019 tomaremos este como periodo de referencia.<\/p><p><sup>[3]<\/sup> Para el caso de fertilizantes se recomienda visitar:\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/ahora-la-guerra-y-los-fertilizantes-la-dependencia-de-los-mercados-globales-nos-sigue-pasando-factura\/\">https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/ahora-la-guerra-y-los-fertilizantes-la-dependencia-de-los-mercados-globales-nos-sigue-pasando-factura\/<\/a><\/p><p>Y para el control fitosanitario:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/ecuador-nuestra-agricultura-dependiente\/\">https:\/\/ocaru.org.ec\/ecuador-nuestra-agricultura-dependiente\/<\/a><\/p><hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/><p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Referencias<\/strong><\/p><p>CONAIE, FENOCIN, FEINE, FENOC, Trabajadores\/as del campo y la ciudad, Campesinos\/as, Obreros\/as, Profesionales de la salud-educaci\u00f3n, y Estudiantes. 2022. Demandas de la movilizaci\u00f3n nacional, popular y plurinacional. En CONAIE. Ecuador.<\/p><p>INEC. 2020a. Encuesta de Superficie y Producci\u00f3n Agropecuaria Continua (ESPAC) 2019. editado por INEC. Quito.<\/p><p>INEC. 2020b. Tabulados ESPAC 2019. En Encuesta de Superficie y Producci\u00f3n Agropecuaria Continua, editado por Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica y Censos. Quito.<\/p><p>INEC. 2022. \u00cdndice de Brechas de la Intermediaci\u00f3n. Quito: Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica y Censos.<\/p><p>INIAP. 2021. Cosecha y Poscosecha de Naranjilla. Quito: Instituto Nacional Aut\u00f3nomo de Investigaciones Agropecuarias.<\/p><p>Norton, Roger. 2004. \u00abPol\u00edticas que influyen en los incentivos a los productores.\u00bb En Pol\u00edtica de desarrollo agr\u00edcola. Conceptos y principios. Roma: Organizaci\u00f3n de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentaci\u00f3n.<\/p><p>Redacci\u00f3n El Comercio. 2017. \u00abContrabando afecta a 6 productos agr\u00edcolas.\u00bb El Comercio, 04\/11\/2017, Negocios.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.elcomercio.com\/actualidad\/negocios\/contrabando-afectacion-productos-agricolas-ecuador.html\">https:\/\/www.elcomercio.com\/actualidad\/negocios\/contrabando-afectacion-productos-agricolas-ecuador.html<\/a>.<\/p><p>Redacci\u00f3n La Hora. 2021. \u00abContrabando de leche no para ni con el cierre de la frontera.\u00bb La Hora, 2\/07\/2021.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.lahora.com.ec\/imbabura-carchi\/contrabando-de-leche-no-para-ni-con-el-cierre-de-la-frontera\/\">https:\/\/www.lahora.com.ec\/imbabura-carchi\/contrabando-de-leche-no-para-ni-con-el-cierre-de-la-frontera\/<\/a>.<\/p><p>Sherwood, Stephen G. 2009. \u00abLearning fron Carchi: The Production of Decline.\u00bb En Learning from Carchi. Agricultural Modernisation and the Production of Decline, 229-245.<\/p><p>Singa\u00f1a, David. 2021. \u00abLos l\u00edmites de la productividad del cultivo de papa en Ecuador entre 2017 y 2018.\u00bb\u00a0\u00a0Revista Latinoamericana de la Papa 25 (1):39-51. doi: 10.37066\/ralap.v25i1.416.<\/p><p>SIPA. 2022a. Precios Productor Ponderado. editado por Sistema de Informaci\u00f3n P\u00fablica Agropecuaria. Quito: Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganader\u00eda.<\/p><p>SIPA. 2022b. Precios: Mercados, bodegas, canales y ferias. En Sistema de Informaci\u00f3n P\u00fablica Agropecuaria, editado por Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganader\u00eda. 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